Restricted grouper reproductive migrations support community based management

Abstract

Conservation commonly requires trade-offs between social and ecological goals. For tropical small-scale fisheries, spatial scales of socially appropriate management are generally small the median no-take locally managed marine area (LMMA) area throughout the Pacific is less than 1 km 2.This is of particular concern for large coral reef fishes, such as many species of grouper, which migrate to aggregations to spawn